Tetsu-yu 鉄釉

Tetsu-yu/鉄釉 hai/盃

Fukushima Zenzō was designated an LNT for Koishiwara-yaki 小石原焼 pottery in 2017. Fukushima Zenzo is a 16th generation practitioner of Koishiwara-yaki, a form of ceramics from Koishiwara, Fukuoka Prefecture, where Fukushima continues to work. The pottery scholar Bernard Leach once described Koishiwara ware as “the zenith of functional beauty.” Versatile in the materials of its glazes, which range from stone to ash to metal, Koishiwara ware is admired for its originality and elegant porcelain expressions.

Two years ago, at the age of 58, potter Zenzo Fukushima was tapped to become what is commonly known as a "Living National Treasure." The title, one of Japan's highest honors, is often misunderstood to be recognition of an individual's superior accomplishment. In fact, it is a directive from the nation to preserve something that might otherwise be lost. But like others who have received the mantle, Fukushima is extraordinarily accomplished. He produces some of Japan's most strikingly beautiful ceramics.
In 1950 the Japanese government launched a system to identify and support people with key skills in traditional crafts and performing arts. The enabling legislation doesn't actually use the words "Living National Treasure" -- that was coined by a newspaper reporter -- but the term has been widely adopted over the official title: "Preserver of Important Intangible Cultural Properties." In crafts, close to 200 artisans have been certified in eight categories including textiles, lacquerware and ceramics, with a small number added every year. The designation comes with an annual stipend that continues for the remainder of the recipient's life and is very specific about the skill that should be preserved.
Fukushima's charge as Living National Treasure is to carry forward Koishiwara ware, a type of earthenware pottery made for more than 350 years in the small village in Kyushu where he was born. The local clay is high in iron and fires into a dark brown that is a challenge to decorate, so the most characteristic designs seen in Koishiwara ware are made by coating pieces with white slip and impressing patterns while the slip is still wet. A typical example is made by holding a tool called a tobi kanna against the clay while the piece is turned on a wheel. The tool skips across the surface, leaving a whorl of wedge-shaped chatter marks. Originally made as simple crockery for local use, Koishiwara ware began to gain a wider audience in the 1920s, thanks to attention from Soetsu Yanagi and Bernard Leach, founders of the Mingei folk art movement.

Other regional potteries, notably Bizen ware and Hagi ware, have received the benefit of several generations of assistance from the Living National Treasure program, but Fukushima is the first person asked to look after the future of Koishiwara ware. And by unhappy coincidence, Koishiwara badly needed a protector at the time of Fukushima's appointment. In early July 2017, just days before Fukushima's selection was announced, heavy rains caused flooding and massive landslides in northern Kyushu. More than half of the 50 kilns in Koishiwara suffered significant damage. Work throughout the community came to a halt as neighbors helped neighbors, and volunteers poured in from around the country to help dig the village out. Today, all the kilns are back in operation.
Fukushima was born in 1959 into a long line of potters in Koishiwara and chose, after completing university, to carry on the family tradition. He initially planned to begin with an apprenticeship elsewhere in Japan, but after visiting other pottery centers decided he could best learn what he needed from his own father and grandfather. "I was determined to do something new," he recalled in a recent interview, "but I wanted to do that at home. My intention was to use our local materials in entirely new ways, and to make something that had never been made before."
Fukushima has achieved this goal, many times over, including developing a number of highly distinctive glazes. "It takes five to ten years, and constant trial and error, to arrive at something that works," he explained. One of his early successes was coaxing a surprising green color out of iron glaze. He artfully combined this with his own interpretation of Koishiwara's characteristic chatter marks, throwing large shallow bowls with broad rims on which he etched a finely detailed pattern of minute marks. Later, he developed a rich red glaze he named kaku-yu and a beautiful chocolate brown-black glaze called ame-yu, meaning "candy glaze."
Perhaps Fukushima's finest achievement can be seen in his work with celadon glaze. When celadon is applied to earthenware, fine cracks known as "crazing" generally form in the glaze. This occurs because the glaze contracts more than the body as it cools. "People just accept this, but I didn't think it had to be," Fukushima told me. Through careful control of his formulas and firing process, Fukushima perfected a smooth and crack-free surface accompanied by a beautiful soft blue tone in the glaze. He named this triumph Nakano geppaku-ji, or "Nakano Moon White" celadon. (Nakano is the place in Koishiwara where the local clay is dug.) At the rim and along the ridges he crafts for contrast, Fukushima carefully removes some of the glaze to allow the natural color of the clay to show, and the dark lines work beautifully to pull the composition together.
In preparing his clay, Fukushima is meticulous, sieving it repeatedly to get a very fine medium that he is able to turn on the wheel into sharply defined shapes and flowing lines that are distinctly modern. He is also clearly a perfectionist: in his workshop, he showed me a stunning celadon piece that he felt forced to reject due to a tiny pinhole in the glaze. Only flawless works make it into his exhibitions and showroom.
Fukushima's successes with local materials have encouraged younger potters in the area, spurring them on in their own efforts to innovate. "It's difficult to express individuality if you limit yourself to the traditional Koishiwara motifs, but all of our kilns are now finding ways to distinguish themselves," he said. "Koishiwara today is one of the most vibrant ceramic production areas in all of Japan, with more kilns than ever before and offering a great deal of variety." Fukushima takes his role as "preserver" seriously, offering guidance and, last year, joining nine younger colleagues to present a special exhibition of contemporary Koishiwara ware. "With recognition comes responsibilities," he said. "When you are a Living National Treasure, you have to be a leader."
https://artscape.jp/artscape/eng/focus/1906_02.html